IJografi inamagatsha amaningi abalulekile afunda izici ezahlukahlukene zeplanethi yethu. Elinye lala magatsha i-cartography. Ukudweba amabalazwe yikona okusisiza ukuthi senze amamephu esijwayele ukujika kuwo ukuze sibone izindawo ngeso lengqondo. Nokho, abantu abaningi abazi yini i-cartography nokuthi lesi siyalo sinesibopho sani.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele konke odinga ukukwazi ngakho Iyini i-cartography nezici zayo.
Yini i-cartography
I-Cartography igatsha lezwe elibhekene nokumelwa okuyingcaca kwezindawo zezwe, ngokuvamile ngezinhlangothi ezimbili nangokwemibandela evamile. Ngamanye amazwi, ukudweba amabalazwe kuwubuciko nesayensi yokwenza, ukuhlaziya, ukutadisha, nokuqonda amamephu azo zonke izinhlobo. Ngokungeziwe, futhi isethi ekhona yamamephu namadokhumenti afanayo.
I-Cartography isayensi yasendulo nesimanje. Izama ukufeza isifiso somuntu sokumelela ubuso bomhlaba ngokubukeka, okunzima kakhulu ngoba i-geoid. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, isayensi yaphendukela ohlelweni lokuqagela olwalufuna ukusebenza njengento elinganayo phakathi kwendilinga nendiza. Ngakho wakha okulingana okubonakalayo kokuma kwezindawo Zomhlaba, ukuguquguquka kwawo, ama-engeli awo, konke kuncike ekulinganiseni okuthile kanye nenqubo yokukhetha okubalulekile nokungabalulekile.
Ukubaluleka kwemephu
Ukuthwebula amabalazwe kubalulekile namuhla. Kuyisidingo sayo yonke imisebenzi yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, njengohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuhamba ngobuningi bamazwekazi, ngoba zidinga ulwazi oluncane lokuthi izinto zikuphi emhlabeni.
Njengoba ubukhulu boMhlaba bukhulu kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukukucabangela uwonke, ukudweba amabalazwe kuyisayensi esivumela ukuthi sithole ukuqagela okuseduze kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, yazi lobu buciko Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuvela komlando wamamephu, njengoba kwenzeka nge- i-cartography yomlando kusukela empucukweni yakudala.
amagatsha we-cartography
I-Cartography inamagatsha amabili: i-cartography evamile kanye ne-thematic cartography.
- I-cartography evamile. Lezi yizethulo zomhlaba ezibanzi, okungukuthi, zonke izethameli kanye nezinjongo zolwazi. Amamephu omhlaba, amamephu wamazwe, yonke imisebenzi yalo mnyango.
- I-thematic cartography. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, leli gatsha ligxile ekumeleleni kwalo ngokwendawo ezicini ezithile, ezihlokweni noma emithethweni ethile, efana nezomnotho, ezolimo, ezezempi, njll. Isibonelo, ibalazwe lomhlaba lokuthuthukiswa kwamabele liwela ngaphakathi kwaleli gatsha le-cartography.
Njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni, i-cartography inomsebenzi omuhle kakhulu: ukuchaza iplanethi yethu ngokuningiliziwe ngamazinga ahlukene okunemba, isikali nangezindlela ezahlukene. Kuphinde kusho ukucwaninga, ukuqhathanisa nokuhlaziywa kwalawa mamephu nezethulo ukuze kuxoxwe ngamandla awo, ubuthakathaka, ukuphikisa kanye nentuthuko engenzeka.
Phela, akukho lutho olungokwemvelo mayelana nemephu: kuyinto yokucaciswa kwezobuchwepheshe namasiko, ingxenye yentuthuko yomuntu ebangelwa ngokwengxenye endleleni esicabanga ngayo iplanethi yethu.
izici ze-cartographic
Uma sikhuluma kabanzi, i-cartography isekela umsebenzi wayo wokumelela kusethi yezakhi nemiqondo eyivumela ukuthi ihlele ngokunembile okuqukethwe okuhlukile kwemephu ngokuya ngokubuka okuthile nesikali. Lezi zici ze-cartographic yilezi:
- Isilinganiso: Njengoba umhlaba mkhulu kakhulu, ukuwumela ngokubonakalayo, sidinga ukwehlisa izinto ngendlela evamile ukuze sigcine izilinganiso. Kuye ngesilinganiso esisetshenzisiwe, amabanga avame ukukalwa ngamakhilomitha azokalwa ngamasentimitha noma amamilimitha, kutholwe izinga elilinganayo.
- Ukufana: Umhlaba uklanywe waba amasethi amabili emigqa, isethi yokuqala kube imigqa ehambisanayo. Uma umhlaba uhlukaniswe waba yizinkabazwe ezimbili kusukela enkabazwe, khona-ke ukuhambisana kuwumugqa ohambisana naleyo eksisi evundlile ecatshangelwayo, ehlukanisa umhlaba ube izindawo ezinesimo sezulu, kusukela kweminye imigqa emibili ebizwa ngokuthi izindawo ezishisayo (Umdlavuza kanye neCapricorn).
- Ama-meridians: Isethi yesibili yemigqa ehlukanisa imbulunga ngokohlelo, i-meridians perpendicular to the parallels, "i-eksisi" noma i-meridian emaphakathi edlula eRoyal Greenwich Observatory (eyaziwa ngokuthi "zero meridian" noma "Greenwich meridian"). ) ILondon, ngokwethiyori iqondana ne-eksisi yokujikeleza koMhlaba. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umhlaba usuhlukene waba izingxenye ezimbili, wahlukaniswa njalo ngo-30° nge-meridian, uhlukanisa imbulunga yoMhlaba ibe uchungechunge lwezingxenye.
- Ukudidiyela: Ngokuhlanganisa ama-latitudes nama-meridians, sithola igridi kanye nesistimu yokuxhumanisa esivumela ukuthi sabele i-latitude (enqunywa ngama-latitudes) kanye ne-longitude (enqunywa ama-meridians) kunoma iyiphi indawo ephansi. Ukusetshenziswa kwalo mbono ukuthi i-GPS isebenza kanjani, ithuluzi elihlobene ngokuqondile ne-cartography.
- izimpawu ze-cartographic: Lawa mamephu anolimi lwawo futhi angabona izici ezithakaselwayo ngokuya ngezimiso ezithile. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, ezinye izimpawu zinikezwa emadolobheni, ezinye ezinhloko-dolobha, ezinye emachwebeni nasezikhumulweni zezindiza, njll.
Imephu yedijithali
Selokhu kwavela uguquko lwedijithali ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, zimbalwa isayensi eye yaphunyuka esidingweni sokusebenzisa ikhompuyutha. Esimweni esinjalo, i-digital cartography ukusetshenziswa kwamasathelayithi kanye nokuboniswa kwedijithali lapho kwenziwa amamephu.
Ngakho-ke indlela yasendulo yokudweba nokuphrinta ephepheni manje isiyinto yomqoqi kanye nokuvuna. Ngisho nomakhalekhukhwini olula namuhla unokufinyelela ku-inthanethi futhi ngenxa yalokho kumamephu edijithali. Kukhona ingcebo yolwazi olubuyisekayo olungafakwa, futhi lungasebenza ngokuhlanganyela. Empeleni, ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe ziye zaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni komdwebo wamabalazwe, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwe imephu yesimo sendawo nezinye izinhlobo eziphambili.
i-cartography yezenhlalo
Imephu yomphakathi iyindlela ehlangene yokwenza imephu ebambe iqhaza. Ifuna ukwephula ukuchema okujwayelekile nokwamasiko okuhambisana nokuthwebula amabalazwe okungokwesiko okusekelwe kumbandela wokucabangela mayelana nendawo yomhlaba, ukubaluleka kwesifunda kanye nezinye izindlela zezombusazwe ezifanayo.
Ngakho-ke, i-cartography yezenhlalo yavela embonweni wokuthi angeke kube khona umsebenzi we-cartographic ngaphandle kwemiphakathi, nokuthi ukuthwebula amabalazwe kufanele kwenziwe ngokuvundlile ngangokunokwenzeka, okuhlobene futhi nomthelela wezenzakalo ezifana ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu ezifundeni ezahlukene.
Umlando we-cartography
Ukudweba amabalazwe kwazalwa ngenxa yesifiso somuntu sokuhlola nokuba sengozini, okwenzeka ekuqaleni kakhulu emlandweni: amabalazwe okuqala emlandweni asukela ku-6000 BC. c., okuhlanganisa nezithombe eziqoshiwe ezivela edolobheni lasendulo lase-Anatolian lase-Çatal Hüyük. Isidingo sokwenza amabalazwe cishe sasibangelwa ukusungulwa kwemizila yezohwebo nezinhlelo zezempi zokunqoba, njengoba lalingekho izwe elalinendawo ngaleso sikhathi.
Imephu yokuqala yomhlaba, okungukuthi, imephu yokuqala yomhlaba wonke eyaziwa umphakathi waseNtshonalanga kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX AD, umsebenzi kaClaudius Ptolemy waseRoma, mhlawumbe ukwanelisa isifiso soMbuso WaseRoma oziqhenyayo wokuhlukanisa ubukhulu bawo. imingcele.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, Umdwebo wamabalazwe wama-Arabhu wawuthuthuke kakhulu emhlabeni, kanti iShayina nayo yaqala kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe amamephu omhlaba ayi-1.100 asinda kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi.
Ukuqhuma kwangempela kwezithombe zamabalazwe zaseNtshonalanga kwenzeka ngokwanda kwemibuso yokuqala yaseYurophu phakathi kwekhulu leshumi nanhlanu neleshumi nesikhombisa. Ekuqaleni, abadwebi bamabalazwe baseYurophu babekopisha amabalazwe amadala futhi bawasebenzise njengesisekelo sawo, kwaze kwaba yilapho ukusungulwa kwekhampasi, isibonakude, nokuhlola kubenza balangazelele ukunemba okwengeziwe.
Ngakho, imbulunga endala yasemhlabeni, isithombe esidala kunazo zonke esisekhona esinezinhlangothi ezintathu ezibonwayo zomhlaba wesimanje, eyabhalwa ngo-1492, iyincwadi kaMartín Behaim. I-United States (ngaphansi kwalelo gama) yasungulwa e-United States ngo-1507, futhi ibalazwe lokuqala elinenkabazwe abathweswe iziqu lavela ngo-1527.
Kulolu hambo, uhlobo lwe-cartographic archive lushintshe kakhulu emvelweni. Amashadi esitezi sokuqala enziwe ngesandla ukuze azulazule kusetshenziswa izinkanyezi njengereferensi. Kodwa zasheshe zadlulwa ukufika kobuchwepheshe obusha bezithombe obunjengokunyathelisa kanye ne-lithography. Muva nje, ukufika kwezinto zikagesi kanye nekhompyutha kuyiguqule unomphela indlela amamephu enziwa ngayo. Isethelayithi namasistimu wokuma komhlaba wonke manje ahlinzeka ngezithombe ezinembe kakhulu Zomhlaba kunangaphambili.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana yini i-cartography kanye nezici zabo.