I-Los i-tornados Ziyizigigaba zesimo sezulu ezethusa futhi zihehe abantu abaningi ngokulinganayo. Lawa abhekwa njengamandla acekela phansi kakhulu emvelo, akwazi ukufinyelela isivinini esingafika kumakhilomitha angu-400 ngehora kuyilapho ebhubhisa yonke into esendleleni yawo. Nokho, nakuba zonke zingabonakala zifana, empeleni zikhona izinhlobo ezahlukene zeziphepho ezihluka ngokwakheka kwazo, amandla kanye nezici. Ngezansi, sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe izinhlobo ezahlukene zeziphepho, ukwakheka kwazo, izici, kanye nezinyathelo esingazithatha ukuze sizivikele kuzo.
Izinhlobo zeziphepho
Izishingishane zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana. Ezinye zezigaba ezivame kakhulu zichazwe ngezansi:
Isiphepho esiningi se-vortex
Lolu hlobo lwenkanyamba lubonakala ngokuthi amakholomu amabili noma ngaphezulu omoya onyakazayo ozungeza isikhungo esivamile. Zivame ukwenzeka eziphepho ezinamandla futhi zingadala umonakalo omkhulu endleleni yazo. Ukuze uqonde kangcono lezi zenzakalo, kuyathakazelisa ukwazi izincazelo kanye nezici eziyisisekelo ze-meteorology.
Ukuqhuma kwamanzi
Obeye aziwe njengo ipayipi lamanzi, inkanyamba etholakala phezu kwamanzi. Lezi zimpophoma zakha emanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo, ngokuvamile ezisekelweni zamafu abizwa ngokuthi. I-Cumulus congestus. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:
- I-Tornadic waterspout: Izishingishane ezakha phezu kwamanzi, ngokuvamile ezihlotshaniswa neziphepho ze-mesocyclonic.
- I-waterspout engeyona inkanyamba: Inamandla amancane kunezishingishane ze-mesocyclonic futhi yakheka ngaphansi kwezimo ezishubile kancane, okuvame kakhulu.
Umgqomo womhlaba
Futhi ebizwa ngokuthi i-non-supercell tornado noma ukuqhuma komhlaba, lesi sigameko asihlotshaniswa ne-mesocyclone. Ziphila isikhathi esifushane futhi ngokuvamile zibuthakathaka kunezishingishane zendabuko, kodwa zingadala umonakalo omkhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezitshalo nezolimo. Lokhu kugqamisa ukubaluleka kokufunda umthelela kwezolimo nemfuyo.
Babukeka njengeziphepho ... kepha akunjalo
Kukhona ukwakheka okuningana okubukeka njengezivunguvungu, kodwa akuzona:
UGustnado
Un uthandile Kuyi-eddy eqondile ehlotshaniswa ne-gust front noma i-downburst. Ayixhumekile esisekelweni sefu, ngakho-ke ayithathwa njengenkanyamba yangempela. Zivame ukwenzeka ezimweni ezingazinzile zomkhathi futhi ziyisibonelo esihle sezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zomkhathi.
Uthuli noma isihlabathi siyazungeza
Kuyikholomu yomoya eqondile ezungeza yona njengoba ihamba. Yakha ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka esicacile futhi, ngokungafani neziphepho, Azihlobene neziphepho noma amafu e-cumuliform. Lezi eddies zingaba nomthelela kwikhwalithi yomoya nokubonakala, izindaba ezibalulekile futhi ocwaningweni lwe Amafu eCumulonimbus kanye nobudlelwano bawo neziphepho.
Umlilo uyajikajika
Kuyimijikelezo ukuthi thuthukisa eduze komlilo wequbula. Ngokuvamile azinamandla kakhulu kuneziphepho, ngaphandle uma zixhunywe efwini le-cumuliform. Kulo mongo, ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zenzakalo zakhiwa kanjani zingahlotshaniswa ne imithelela yezemvelo ezindaweni zasemakhaya.
Umusi uyajikajika
Lesi simo asivamile futhi senziwa intuthu ephuma koshimula besikhungo sikagesi noma eziphethwini ezishisayo lapho umoya obandayo uhlangana namanzi afudumele. Lolu hlobo lwesimo lugqamisa isidingo sokutadisha ukuthi izimo ezihlukene zomkhathi zingathonya kanjani ukwakheka kwezishingishane nezinye izenzakalo zesimo sezulu.
Zakhiwa kanjani izishingishane?
Ukwakheka kwenkanyamba kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi edinga izimo ezithile zomkhathi. I-tornado yakheka lapho umoya ofudumele, onomswakama uhlangana nenqwaba yomoya obandayo, owomile. Lokhu kuhlangana kungabangela ukuduma kwezulu, okubuye kuthande ukwakheka komoya ojikelezayo. Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziywa okujulile, kuhle ukwazi ukuthi kanjani amapayipi amanzi kanye nezinsimbi zawo.
Izimo ezidingekayo ukuze kwakheke inkanyamba zihlanganisa:
- Umswakama wezinga eliphansiUkuba khona komoya oswakeme kuyisihluthulelo sokuthuthukiswa kokuduma kwezulu.
- ukungazinzi komkhathiUmkhathi kufanele ungagxili ngokwanele ukuvumela umoya ofudumele ukuba ukhuphuke ngamandla.
- Ukuphakama: Kudingeka ukuthi kube nendlela ephoqa umoya ukuthi ukhuphuke, njengendawo ebandayo yangaphambili noma umugqa owomile ohlukanisa izixuku zomoya ezihlukene.
- Ukugunda umoya: Ushintsho lwesivinini somoya kanye nesiqondiso ngobude kubalulekile ukuze udale ukuzungezisa okudingekayo ukuze kwakheke iziphepho.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuthi iziphepho zakha kanjani, ungavakashela Zakhiwa kanjani izishingishane.
Umjikelezo wokuphila wenkanyamba
Umjikelezo wempilo yenkanyamba ungahlukaniswa izigaba eziningana:
- Isiteji sokuqeqesha: Inkanyamba iqala njengodeveli omncane wothuli okhula ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo.
- Izwe Elihlelekile: Isakhiwo se-tornado sichazwa kakhulu futhi siqala ukwehla.
- Isimo esivuthiwe: Isishingishane sithintana nomhlabathi futhi imimoya yaso ifinyelela isivinini sayo esiphezulu.
- Isimo sokufinyela: I-tornado iqala ukulahlekelwa amandla futhi ubukhulu bayo buyancipha.
- Ukushabalalisa: Ekugcineni, inkanyamba iyanyamalala, futhi umsinga womoya awusakwazi ukusekela ukujikeleza.
Imiphumela yeziphepho
Izishingishane zingadala imiphumela elimazayo eminingi, okuhlanganisa:
- Ukucekelwa phansi kwengqalasizinda: Amakhaya, izakhiwo nezindlela zokuxhumana zingalimala kakhulu noma zicekelwe phansi.
- Ukulimala nokufaNgenxa yobudlova bemimoya yazo, izishingishane zingabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwempilo nokulimala kwabantu.
- Ukuphazamiseka kwesevisi: Izinsiza zikagesi, amanzi kanye nezokuxhumana zingase zibe sengozini ngokucekelwa phansi kwezigxobo zikagesi namakhebuli.
- Umthelela wezemvelo: Izimila zendawo kanye nemvelo kungalimala kakhulu, kuthinte izilwane nezitshalo zasendaweni, okugqamisa ukuxhumana ne imiphumela yezolimo endaweni ezungezile.
Zenzeka kuphi izishingishane?
Izishingishane zenzeka ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, nakuba kunezindawo ezithile lapho zivame khona. I-United States inenani eliphakeme kakhulu leziphepho, ikakhulukazi esifundeni esaziwa ngokuthi Umhubhe weTornado, okuhlanganisa izifunda ezifana neTexas, Oklahoma, Kansas neNebraska. Kwezinye izindawo emhlabeni, iziphepho zivamile e-Argentina, eBrazil naseParaguay. Ukuqonda lezi zenzakalo kubalulekile ekutadisheni pyrocumulonimbus amafu kanye nobudlelwano bawo neziphepho.
Izimo zezulu ezivumela ukwakheka kwezivunguvungu zenzeka ikakhulukazi endaweni yoguquko phakathi komoya opholile kanye nowashisayo, ovame ukwenzeka phakathi kobubanzi obungu-20° no-50° kuwo womabili ama-hemispheres. Iziphepho nazo zingenzeka kakhulu ehlobo, ikakhulukazi phakathi namahora okushisa aphezulu emini.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nemvamisa yeziphepho, sincoma ukuthi ufunde mayelana lapho kuvela khona izishingishane eziningi.
Izinyathelo Zokuphepha ze-Tornado
Uma iwashi lenkanyamba likhishwa, kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuphepha ezilandelayo ukuze uqinisekise ukuphepha:
- Funa indawo yokukhosela egumbini elingaphansi noma ekamelweni elingaphakathi elingenamafasitela.
- Uma usemotweni, yima futhi ufune indawo yokukhosela esakhiweni esiseduze.
- Uma ungaphandle, lala phansi emgodini noma emgodini.
Isikali se-Tornado intensity
Izivunguvungu zihlukaniswa ngokusho kwe Isikali se-Fujita Esithuthukisiwe (EF), kusukela ku-EF0 (umonakalo omncane) kuya ku-EF5 (umonakalo olimaza kakhulu). Ukuze uthole umbono ocacile ngomonakalo ezingawudala, kuyasiza ukwazi umthelela wawo Ukuqhuma okufudumele kanye nobudlelwano babo nemicimbi yesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu.
| Escala | Ijubane lomoya (km / h) | Incazelo yomonakalo |
|---|---|---|
| I-EF0 | 105-137 | Ukulimala okuncane, okufana namathayili awile namagatsha aphukile. |
| I-EF1 | 138-178 | Umonakalo ophakathi, njengophahla oludabukile. |
| I-EF2 | 179-218 | Umonakalo omkhulu, njengemizi ebhidliziwe. |
| I-EF3 | 219-266 | Umonakalo omkhulu, izakhiwo ezinkulu zilimele. |
| I-EF4 | 267-322 | Umonakalo omkhulu, izindlu zicekeleke phansi. |
| I-EF5 | > 322 | Umonakalo ongakholeki, ukucekelwa phansi okuphelele kwezakhiwo. |
Isishingishane esacekela phansi kakhulu emlandweni kwaba I-Tri-State Tornado e-United States, okwathi ngoMashi 18, 1925 yahamba cishe amakhilomitha angama-352, kwashiya ukufa kwabantu abangama-695 ngemuva kwayo. Emhlabeni wonke, isishingishane saseDaulatpur-Saturia sango-1989 e-Bangladesh, esaholela ekufeni kwabantu abayi-1300, sikhunjulwa njengesibi kakhulu.
Lezi zehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu, nakuba zifushane ngokwesikhathi, zinamandla amangalisayo okucekela phansi futhi ziyisihloko socwaningo oluqhubekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izindlela zokuvikela nokuvimbela emiphakathini ejwayele ukwenzeka.
Izici zamasiko nezesinema
I-Tornadoes, ngaphandle kokuba yinto enamandla yesimo sezulu, ikhuthaze amafilimu ahlukahlukene eHollywood, njenge Twister (1996), eyandisa isithombe senkanyamba ngokwesiko elidumile, idala intshisekelo evuselelwe kusayensi yomoya kanye nokuphepha kwezinhlekelele. Ukumelwa kwalezi zigigaba kusiko kungaba nomthelela emibonweni yomphakathi umsebenzi we-meteorology.
Ukuze uthole ukwazi okwengeziwe, ungathintana ilukuluku mayelana nezishingishane.
- Izinkanyamba ziyizimo zezulu ezinamandla kakhulu futhi ezibhubhisayo.
- Ahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene ngokuya ngokwakheka kwawo kanye nezici.
- Iziphepho zingadala umonakalo omkhulu engqalasizinda nempilo yabantu.
- Kunezinyathelo zokuphepha nokuvimbela ezingasiza ekwehliseni umthelela wako.
